This theme is the home to the “farthest out” research tasks in C2S2, addressing two separate sets of issues. On the circuits side, we seek to examine how emerging non-silicon and post-silicon devices may be pulled “up” for use in real circuits. When these devices— nanotubes, nanowires, graphene, organics, phase change, etc.— become “circuit-worthy”, we seek to pair device and circuit experts in ways that will quickly yield insight into where these devices might be used. On the applications side, we seek nontraditional applications that have the potential to radically grow tomorrow's markets for semiconductors. In our current portfolio, many of these applications have biological origins, addressing ways to connect to biological molecules, signals, and patterns.